You can cite this package/vignette as:


  Patil, I. (2021). Visualizations with statistical details: The
  'ggstatsplot' approach. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(61), 3167,
  doi:10.21105/joss.03167

A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is

  @Article{,
    doi = {10.21105/joss.03167},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03167},
    year = {2021},
    publisher = {{The Open Journal}},
    volume = {6},
    number = {61},
    pages = {3167},
    author = {Indrajeet Patil},
    title = {{Visualizations with statistical details: The {'ggstatsplot'} approach}},
    journal = {{Journal of Open Source Software}},
  }

Why use {purrr}?

Most of the {ggstatsplot} functions have grouped_ variants, which are designed to quickly run the same {ggstatsplot} function across multiple levels of a single grouping variable. Although this function is useful for data exploration, it has two strong weaknesses-

We will see how to overcome this limitation by combining {ggstatsplot} with the {purrr} package.

Note:

Introduction and methodology

For all the examples in this vignette we are going to build lists of things that we will pass along to {purrr} which will in turn return a list of plots that will be passed to combine_plots. As the name implies combine_plots merges the individual plots into one bigger plot with common labeling and aesthetics.

What are these lists that we are building? The lists correspond to the parameters in our {ggstatsplot} function like ggbetweenstats. If you look at the help file for ?ggbetweenstats for example the very first parameter it wants is the data file we’ll be using. We can also pass it different titles of even ggtheme themes.

You can pass:

ggbetweenstats

Let’s start with ggebtweenstats. We’ll use the gapminder dataset. We’ll make a 3 item list called year_list using dplyr::filter and split.

## for reproducibility
library(ggstatsplot)
set.seed(123)

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by years of interest
year_list <- gapminder::gapminder %>%
  dplyr::filter(year %in% c(1967, 1987, 2007), continent != "Oceania") %>%
  split(f = .$year, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length of the list and the names of each element
length(year_list)
#> [1] 3
names(year_list)
#> [1] "1967" "1987" "2007"

Now that we have the data divided into the three relevant years in a list we’ll turn to purrr::pmap to create a list of ggplot objects that we’ll make use of stored in plot_list. When you look at the documentation for ?pmap it will accept .l which is a list of lists. The length of .l determines the number of arguments that .f will be called with. List names will be used if present. .f is the function we want to apply (here, .f = ggbetweenstats).

Let’s keep building the list of arguments, .l. First is data = year_list, the x and y axes are constant in all three plots so we pass the variable name as a string x = "continent".

Same with the label we’ll use for outliers where needed. For demonstration purposes let’s assume we want the outliers on each plot to be a different color. Not actually recommending it just demonstrating what’s possible. The rest of the code shows you a wide variety of possibilities and we won’t catalog them here.

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggstatsplot)

## creating a list of plots
plot_list <- purrr::pmap(
  .l = list(
    data = year_list,
    x = "continent",
    y = "lifeExp",
    outlier.tagging = TRUE,
    outlier.label = "country",
    outlier.label.args = list(
      list(size = 3, color = "#56B4E9"),
      list(size = 2.5, color = "#009E73"),
      list(size = 3.5, color = "#F0E442")
    ),
    xlab = "Continent",
    ylab = "Life expectancy",
    title = list(
      "Year: 1967",
      "Year: 1987",
      "Year: 2007"
    ),
    type = list("r", "bf", "np"),
    pairwise.display = list("s", "ns", "all"),
    p.adjust.method = list("hommel", "bonferroni", "BH"),
    conf.level = list(0.99, 0.95, 0.90),
    k = list(1, 2, 3),
    effsize.type = list(
      NULL,
      "partial_omega",
      "partial_eta"
    ),
    plot.type = list("box", "boxviolin", "violin"),
    package = list("nord", "ochRe", "awtools"),
    palette = list("aurora", "parliament", "bpalette"),
    ggtheme = list(
      ggthemes::theme_stata(),
      ggplot2::theme_classic(),
      ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight()
    )
  ),
  .f = ggbetweenstats
)

The final step is to pass the plot_list object we just created to the combine_plots function. While each of the 3 plots already has labeling information combine_plots gives us an opportunity to add additional details to the merged plots and specify the layout in rows and columns.

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(title = "Changes in life expectancy across continents (1967-2007)"),
  plotgrid.args = list(ncol = 1)
)

ggwithinstats

We will be using simulated data from then Attention Network Test provided in ANT dataset in ez package.

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggstatsplot)
library(ez)
data("ANT") ## loading data from `ez` package

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by years of interest
cue_list <- ANT %>% split(f = .$cue, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length of the list and the names of each element
length(cue_list)
#> [1] 4

## creating a list of plots by applying the same function for elements of the list
plot_list <- purrr::pmap(
  .l = list(
    data = cue_list,
    x = "flank",
    y = "rt",
    outlier.tagging = TRUE,
    outlier.label = "group",
    outlier.coef = list(2, 2, 2.5, 3),
    outlier.label.args = list(
      list(size = 3, color = "#56B4E9"),
      list(size = 2.5, color = "#009E73"),
      list(size = 4, color = "#F0E442"),
      list(size = 2, color = "red")
    ),
    xlab = "Flank",
    ylab = "Response time",
    title = list(
      "Cue: None",
      "Cue: Center",
      "Cue: Double",
      "Cue: Spatial"
    ),
    type = list("p", "r", "bf", "np"),
    pairwise.display = list("ns", "s", "ns", "all"),
    p.adjust.method = list("fdr", "hommel", "bonferroni", "BH"),
    conf.level = list(0.99, 0.99, 0.95, 0.90),
    k = list(3, 2, 2, 3),
    effsize.type = list(
      "omega",
      "eta",
      "partial_omega",
      "partial_eta"
    ),
    package = list("ggsci", "palettetown", "palettetown", "wesanderson"),
    palette = list("lanonc_lancet", "venomoth", "blastoise", "GrandBudapest1"),
    ggtheme = list(
      ggplot2::theme_linedraw(),
      hrbrthemes::theme_ft_rc(),
      ggthemes::theme_solarized(),
      ggthemes::theme_gdocs()
    )
  ),
  .f = ggwithinstats
)

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(title = "Response times across flank conditions for each type of cue"),
  plotgrid.args = list(ncol = 1)
)

ggscatterstats

For the next example lets use the same methodology on different data and using ggscatterstats to produce scatterplots combined with marginal histograms/boxplots/density plots with statistical details added as a subtitle. For data we’ll use movies_long which is from IMDB and part of the {ggstatsplot} package. Since it’s a large dataset with some relatively small categories like NC-17 we’ll sample only one quarter of the data and completely drop NC-17 using dplyr.

This time we’ll put all the code in one block-

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

mpaa_list <- movies_long %>%
  dplyr::filter(mpaa != "NC-17") %>%
  dplyr::sample_frac(size = 0.25) %>%
  split(f = .$mpaa, drop = TRUE)

## creating a list of plots
plot_list <- purrr::pmap(
  .l = list(
    data = mpaa_list,
    x = "budget",
    y = "rating",
    xlab = "Budget (in millions of US dollars)",
    ylab = "Rating on IMDB",
    title = list(
      "MPAA Rating: PG",
      "MPAA Rating: PG-13",
      "MPAA Rating: R"
    ),
    label.var = list("title"),
    ## note that you need to quote the expressions
    label.expression = list(
      quote(rating > 7.5 & budget < 100),
      quote(rating > 8 & budget < 50),
      quote(rating > 8 & budget < 10)
    ),
    type = list("r", "np", "bf"),
    xfill = list("#009E73", "#999999", "#0072B2"),
    yfill = list("#CC79A7", "#F0E442", "#D55E00"),
    ggtheme = list(
      ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
      ggplot2::theme_classic(),
      ggplot2::theme_light()
    )
  ),
  .f = ggscatterstats
)

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(
    title = "Relationship between movie budget and IMDB rating",
    caption = "Source: www.imdb.com"
  ),
  plotgrid.args = list(ncol = 1)
)

The remainder of the examples vary in content but follow the exact same methodology as the earlier examples.

ggcorrmat

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

## splitting the dataframe by cut and creating a list
## let's leave out "fair" cut
## also, to make this fast, let's only use 5% of the sample
cut_list <- ggplot2::diamonds %>%
  dplyr::sample_frac(size = 0.05) %>%
  dplyr::filter(cut != "Fair") %>%
  split(f = .$cut, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length and names of each element
length(cut_list)
#> [1] 4
names(cut_list)
#> [1] "Good"      "Very Good" "Premium"   "Ideal"

## running function on every element of this list note that if you want the same
## value for a given argument across all elements of the list, you need to
## specify it just once
plot_list <- purrr::pmap(
  .l = list(
    data = cut_list,
    cor.vars = list(c("carat", "depth", "table", "price")),
    type = list("pearson", "np", "robust", "bf"),
    partial = list(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
    title = list("Cut: Good", "Cut: Very Good", "Cut: Premium", "Cut: Ideal"),
    p.adjust.method = list("hommel", "fdr", "BY", "hochberg"),
    lab.size = 3.5,
    colors = list(
      c("#56B4E9", "white", "#999999"),
      c("#CC79A7", "white", "#F0E442"),
      c("#56B4E9", "white", "#D55E00"),
      c("#999999", "white", "#0072B2")
    ),
    ggtheme = list(
      ggplot2::theme_linedraw(),
      ggplot2::theme_classic(),
      ggthemes::theme_fivethirtyeight(),
      ggthemes::theme_tufte()
    )
  ),
  .f = ggcorrmat
)

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using
## `combine_plots` function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  guides = "keep",
  annotation.args = list(
    title = "Relationship between diamond attributes and price across cut",
    caption = "Dataset: Diamonds from ggplot2 package"
  ),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 2)
)

gghistostats

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by continent
## let's leave out Oceania because it has just two data points
continent_list <-
  gapminder::gapminder %>%
  dplyr::filter(year == 2007, continent != "Oceania") %>%
  split(f = .$continent, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length and names of each element
length(continent_list)
#> [1] 4
names(continent_list)
#> [1] "Africa"   "Americas" "Asia"     "Europe"

## running function on every element of this list note that if you want the same
## value for a given argument across all elements of the list, you need to
## specify it just once
plot_list <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = continent_list,
      x = "lifeExp",
      xlab = "Life expectancy",
      test.value = list(35.6, 58.4, 41.6, 64.7),
      type = list("p", "np", "r", "bf"),
      bf.message = list(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
      title = list(
        "Continent: Africa",
        "Continent: Americas",
        "Continent: Asia",
        "Continent: Europe"
      ),
      effsize.type = list("d", "d", "g", "g"),
      normal.curve = list(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
      ggtheme = list(
        ggplot2::theme_classic(),
        hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_tw(),
        ggplot2::theme_minimal(),
        hrbrthemes::theme_modern_rc()
      )
    ),
    .f = gghistostats
  )

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(
    title = "Improvement in life expectancy worldwide since 1950",
    caption = "Note: black line - 1950; blue line - 2007"
  ),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 4)
)

ggdotplotstats

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)
library(ggthemes)
library(hrbrthemes)

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by continent
## let's leave out Oceania because it has just two data points
continent_list <-
  gapminder::gapminder %>%
  dplyr::filter(continent != "Oceania") %>%
  split(f = .$continent, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length and names of each element
length(continent_list)
#> [1] 4
names(continent_list)
#> [1] "Africa"   "Americas" "Asia"     "Europe"

## running function on every element of this list note that if you want the same
## value for a given argument across all elements of the list, you need to
## specify it just once
plot_list <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = continent_list,
      x = "gdpPercap",
      y = "year",
      xlab = "GDP per capita (US$, inflation-adjusted)",
      test.value = list(2500, 9000, 9500, 10000),
      type = list("p", "np", "r", "bf"),
      title = list(
        "Continent: Africa",
        "Continent: Americas",
        "Continent: Asia",
        "Continent: Europe"
      ),
      effsize.type = list("d", "d", "g", "g"),
      centrality.line.args = list(
        list(color = "red"),
        list(color = "#0072B2"),
        list(color = "#D55E00"),
        list(color = "#CC79A7")
      ),
      ggtheme = list(
        ggplot2::theme_minimal(base_family = "serif"),
        ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
        hrbrthemes::theme_ipsum_rc(axis_title_size = 10),
        ggthemes::theme_hc(bgcolor = "darkunica")
      )
    ),
    .f = ggdotplotstats
  )

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(title = "Improvement in GDP per capita from 1952-2007"),
  plotgrid.args = list(nrow = 4),
  guides = "keep"
)

ggpiestats

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by passenger class
class_list <- Titanic_full %>% split(f = .$Class, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length and names of each element
length(class_list)
#> [1] 4
names(class_list)
#> [1] "1st"  "2nd"  "3rd"  "Crew"

## running function on every element of this list note that if you want the same
## value for a given argument across all elements of the list, you need to
## specify it just once
plot_list <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = class_list,
      x = "Survived",
      y = "Sex",
      label = list("both", "count", "percentage", "both"),
      title = list(
        "Passenger class: 1st",
        "Passenger class: 2nd",
        "Passenger class: 3rd",
        "Passenger class: Crew"
      ),
      caption = list(
        "Total: 319, Died: 120, Survived: 199, % Survived: 62%",
        "Total: 272, Died: 155, Survived: 117, % Survived: 43%",
        "Total: 709, Died: 537, Survived: 172, % Survived: 25%",
        "Data not available for crew passengers"
      ),
      package = list("RColorBrewer", "ghibli", "palettetown", "yarrr"),
      palette = list("Accent", "MarnieMedium1", "pikachu", "nemo"),
      ggtheme = list(
        ggplot2::theme_grey(),
        ggplot2::theme_bw(),
        ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
        ggthemes::theme_economist()
      ),
      proportion.test = list(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
      type = list("p", "p", "bf", "p")
    ),
    .f = ggpiestats
  )

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(title = "Survival in Titanic disaster by gender for all passenger classes"),
  plotgrid.args = list(ncol = 1),
  guides = "keep"
)

ggbarstats

## for reproducibility
set.seed(123)

## let's split the dataframe and create a list by passenger class
class_list <- Titanic_full %>% split(f = .$Class, drop = TRUE)

## checking the length and names of each element
length(class_list)
#> [1] 4
names(class_list)
#> [1] "1st"  "2nd"  "3rd"  "Crew"

## running function on every element of this list note that if you want the same
## value for a given argument across all elements of the list, you need to
## specify it just once
plot_list <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = class_list,
      x = "Survived",
      y = "Sex",
      type = "bayes",
      label = list("both", "count", "percentage", "both"),
      title = list(
        "Passenger class: 1st",
        "Passenger class: 2nd",
        "Passenger class: 3rd",
        "Passenger class: Crew"
      ),
      caption = list(
        "Total: 319, Died: 120, Survived: 199, % Survived: 62%",
        "Total: 272, Died: 155, Survived: 117, % Survived: 43%",
        "Total: 709, Died: 537, Survived: 172, % Survived: 25%",
        "Data not available for crew passengers"
      ),
      package = list("RColorBrewer", "ghibli", "palettetown", "yarrr"),
      palette = list("Accent", "MarnieMedium1", "pikachu", "nemo"),
      ggtheme = list(
        ggplot2::theme_grey(),
        ggplot2::theme_bw(),
        ggthemes::theme_tufte(),
        ggthemes::theme_economist()
      )
    ),
    .f = ggbarstats
  )

## combining all individual plots from the list into a single plot using combine_plots function
combine_plots(
  plotlist = plot_list,
  annotation.args = list(
    title = "Survival in Titanic disaster by gender for all passenger classes",
    caption = "Asterisks denote results from proportion tests: \n***: p < 0.001, ns: non-significant"
  ),
  plotgrid.args = list(ncol = 1),
  guides = "keep"
)

grouped_ variants

Note that although all the above examples were written with the non-grouped variants of functions, the same rule holds true for the grouped_ variants of all the above functions.

For example, if we want to use the grouped_gghistostats across three different datasets, you can use purrr::pmap() function. For the sake of brevity, the plots are not displayed here, but you can run the following code and check the individual grouped_ plots (e.g., plotlist[[1]]).

## create a list of plots
plotlist <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = list(mtcars, iris, ToothGrowth),
      x = alist(wt, Sepal.Length, len),
      results.subtitle = list(FALSE),
      grouping.var = alist(am, Species, supp)
    ),
    .f = grouped_gghistostats
  )

## given that we had three different datasets, we expect a list of length 3
## (each of which contains a `grouped_` plot)
length(plotlist)
#> [1] 3

Repeating function execution across multiple columns in a dataframe

## setup
set.seed(123)
library(ggstatsplot)
library(patchwork)

## running the same analysis on two different columns (creates a list of plots)
plotlist <-
  purrr::pmap(
    .l = list(
      data = list(movies_long),
      x = "mpaa",
      y = list("rating", "length"),
      title = list("IMDB score by MPAA rating", "Movie length by MPAA rating")
    ),
    .f = ggbetweenstats
  )

## combine plots using `patchwork`
plotlist[[1]] + plotlist[[2]]

Suggestions

If you find any bugs or have any suggestions/remarks, please file an issue on GitHub: https://github.com/IndrajeetPatil/ggstatsplot/issues